Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Universal Basic Income - Definition and History

Universal basic income is a controversial proposal under which the government provides regular, permanent cash payments to each citizen with the intent of lifting everyone out of poverty, encouraging their participation in the economy and covering the costs of their most fundamental needs including food, housing and clothing. Everyone, in other words, gets a paycheck - whether they work or not. The idea of setting a universal basic income has been around for centuries but remains largely experimental. Canada, Germany, Switzerland and Finland have launched trials of universal basic income variations. It gained some momentum among some economists, sociologists and tech industry leaders with the advent of technology that allowed factories and businesses to automate the manufacturing of goods and to reduce the size of their human workforces. How the Universal Basic Income Works There are many variations of the universal basic income. The most basic of these proposals would merely replace Social Security, unemployment compensation and public-assistance programs with a basic income for every citizen. The U.S. Basic Income Guarantee Network supports such a plan, stating that the system of trying to force Americans into the workforce as a way of eliminating poverty has not proven successful. Some estimates show that approximately 10 percent of people who work full time all year around live in poverty. Hard work and a booming economy have not comes close to eliminating poverty. A universal program like the basic income guarantee could eliminate poverty, the group states. Its plan would provide a  level of income necessary to meet their most basic needs to every American, regardless of whether they worked, in a system is describes as an efficient, effective, and equitable solution to poverty that promotes individual freedom and leaves the beneficial aspects of a market economy in place. A more complicated version of the universal basic income would provide about the same monthly payment to every American adult, but it would also require that about a quarter of the money be spent on health care insurance. It would also impose graduated taxes on the universal basic income for any other earnings over $30,000. The program would be paid for by eliminating public-assistance programs and entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare.   Cost of Providing a Universal Basic Income One universal basic income proposal would provide $1,000 a month to all 234 million adults in the United States. A household with two adults and two children, for example, would receive $24,000 a year, barely hitting the poverty line. Such a program would cost the federal government $2.7 trillion a year, according to economist Andy Stern, who writes about the universal basic income in a 2016 book, Raising the Floor. Stern has said the program could be funded by eliminating about $1 trillion in antipoverty programs and reducing spending on defense, among other methods. Why Universal Basic Income Is a Good Idea Charles Murray, a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and the author of In Our Hands: A Plan to Replace the Welfare State,† has written that a universal basic income is the best way to maintain a civil society amid what he described as a coming labor market unlike any in human history. It will need to be possible, within a few decades, for a life well lived in the U.S. not to involve a job as traditionally defined. ... The good news is that a well-designed UBI can do much more than help us to cope with disaster. It also could provide an invaluable benefit: injecting new resources and new energy into an American civic culture that has historically been one of our greatest assets but that has deteriorated alarmingly in recent decades. Why Universal Basic Income Is a Bad Idea Critics of a universal basic income say that it creates a disincentive for people to work and it rewards non-productive activities. States the Mises Institution, named for the Austrian economic Ludwig von Mises: The struggling entrepreneurs and artists ... are struggling for a reason. For whatever reason, the market has deemed the goods they are providing to be insufficiently valuable. Their work simply isn’t productive according to those who would potentially consume the goods or services in question. In a functioning  marketplace, producers of goods the consumers dont want  would quickly have to abandon such endeavors and focus their efforts into productive areas of the economy. The universal basic income, however, allows them to continue their less-valued  endeavors  with the money of those who have actually produced value, which gets to the ultimate problem of all government welfare programs. Critics also describe the universal basic income as a wealth-distribution scheme that punishes those who work harder and earn more by directing more of their earnings to the program. Those who earn the least benefit the most, creating the disincentive to work, they believe. History of Universal Basic Income The humanist philosopher Thomas More, writing in his seminal 1516 work  Utopia, argued for a universal basic income. The Nobel Prize winning activist  Bertrand Russell  proposed in 1918 that a universal basic income, sufficient for necessities, should be secured for all, whether they work or not, and that a larger income should be given to those who are willing to engage in some work which the community recognizes as useful. On this basis we may build further. Bertrands view was that providing the basic needs of every citizen would free them up to work on more important societal goals and live more harmoniously with their fellow man. After World War II, economist Milton Friedman  floated the idea of a guaranteed income. Friedman wrote: We should replace the ragbag of specific welfare programs with a single comprehensive program of income supplements in cash — a negative income tax. It would provide an assured minimum to all persons in need, regardless of the reasons for their need†¦A negative income tax provides comprehensive reform which would do more efficiently and humanely what our present welfare system does so inefficiently and inhumanely. In the modern era, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has forward the idea, telling Harvard University graduates that we should explore ideas like universal basic income to make sure that everyone has a cushion to try new ideas.

Monday, December 23, 2019

Guests of the Nation, a Review of Conflicts Essay - 542 Words

Guests of the Nation, a short story by Frank OConnor takes place in 1921 during Irelands fight for independence from British rule. Set in a small cottage in the countryside of Ireland, the story tells of two Englishmen who are prisoners and are being watched over by three Irishmen. The story tells of the relationship that develops between the captives and their captors and explores the conflict that arises when the soldiers are called to duty. The story consisted of seven main characters, each adding depth to the story and contributing to the development of the plot. Two of the seven characters where the Englishmen Hawkins and Belcher. Hawkins was a little Englishman with a deplorable tongue who never did a stroke of†¦show more content†¦Noble and Bonaparte were the young soldiers who were guarding the Englishmen. Both befriended the Englishmen as they played cards with each other and even argued about politics and religion. Jeremiah Donavan, on the other hand, did not have such a rapport with the prisoners. Though he supervised the card games and even yelled at the Englishman Hawkins as if he were one if his own soldiers, he kept his distance and was thus not as close as Noble and Bonaparte were. The plot of the story unfolded as Jeremiah Donavan revealed that the prisoners were actually hostages and that there was a possibility that they would have to execute the Englishmen. As the story continued to unfold, the possibility became reality when Feeney the intelligence officer revealed that the prisoners were ordered to be executed. It is in this pivotal moment that the conflict of the story arises and that the soldiers are faced with a conflict that in turn, proves to be deeply complex in that it is both internal and external. While externally the soldiers had to deal with the act of actually shooting the prisoners (more simply killing a man), internally Bonaparte and Noble dealt with the internal conflict of having to kill a friend. As Hawkins pleaded the case of friends shooting friends, we were forced as readers to also question the call of duty to a cause versus the call ofShow MoreRelatedChina on Diplomatic Protection Essay examples577 Words   |  3 Pagesof an international agreement a nation may have the right to represent another nation and act for the benefit of its citizens. Essentially states make claims against other bodies for compensation and remedy in the event that they have suffered by injury of denial or justice in the other body on the basis of the nationality of a person. The process of protection begins with the individual filing a grievance with their state of nationality. Then the state reviews the grievance and reaches a verdictRead MoreThe Greatest Test For Policymakers1308 Words   |  6 Pagesthe danger to the economic system. Certainly, attempts to stop the cash based inflow of immigrants really decline the security issue by driving some low-paid, voyaging laborers underground, thusly promising the way of life of unlawfulness. Putting a guest workers program into place could possibly secure our borders from illegals more than they are now. The way this would work is; we would construct a program allowing illegals to work in the U.S., while still living in their lawfully designated homelandRead MorePierre de Coubertin and The Modern Olympic Movement Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesof French nobility. (MacAloon 8) Coubertin was raised during an era of French conflict and transition; the Franco-Prussian War, government instability during the time of the Paris Commune and then move to the French Third Republic, as well as the Dreyfus affair, left the French nation in turmoil during his youth. Inevitably, Coubertin’s character and beliefs were greatly influenced by his experience in this era of conflict as well as his lineage. In 1883, Coubertin went to study to study physicalRead MoreDigital Technologies are Powerful Tools for Education657 Words   |  3 PagesWorldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom by Rebecca MacKinnon, she said â€Å"Liberate a society by giving them the Internet.† This public awareness campaign will create a Global Village where students are able to connect with people around the world. A guest speaker from a college campus in America would be able to give a lecture to students in Zimbabwe, giving them first hand knowledge, accounts and information. We have to use digital technology to maximize the good it can do in the world. UnfortunatelyRead MoreDemocratic Peace Theory1319 Words   |  6 Pagesterm(s) in office to establish a good relationship with foreign countries and even try to improve upon existing connections with our allies. Some believe it is to prevent conflicts between the countries while others dispute that it is a threat assessment by the United States to pick and choose their friends and enemies. Preventing conflict between two democracies or countries that practice democracy is called Democratic Peace Theory. However, research has begun to show that Democratic Peace Theory is ineffectiveRead MoreCultural Immersion Project Essay1719 Words   |  7 Pageshead. Oh, I forgot to mention, I had to take off my shoes and leave them before I entered into the place of prayer. I guess you can call it a sanctuary. One thing I found odd was the men and women do not pray in the same place together. Since I was a guest of my student and actually a participant of the prayer time, the wudo, which is a ri tual of purification, was not necessary. My student prepared me for the experience very well. She said, â€Å"Ms Finney, when you enter the mosque, just go in with the mindsetRead MoreEssay on The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia3737 Words   |  15 PagesThe International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia     On May 25, 1993, U.N. Security Council Resolution 827 established an international tribunal charged with prosecuting violations of international law arising from the armed conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. Not since the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, following World War II has an international court tried individuals accused of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTFY), whichRead MorePresident Obamas Diplomatic Approach Towards Foreign Policy Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesOverwhelmed by numerous armed conflicts in the Middle East and Africa, a formidable domestic economic crisis, and a growing challenge of primacy from China, the United States government and public began prioritizing domestic issues. However, persisting transnational concerns, especially illicit drug trafficking, nuclear weapons proliferation, and the threat of terrorism, largely depend on U.S. involvement based on our relatively successful pas t efforts and President Barack Obama’s promising diplomaticRead MoreHow A Website Maintained By The University Of Indiana960 Words   |  4 Pagescampus bus service. The BTS connected the uptown campus with Cincinnati entertainment areas and neighborhoods. To catch the BTS service, students had to show their university card with a photo identity for free ride and had an option to travel with a guest. The BTS service did not operate in college break periods, the UC official holidays, and hazardous condition. The CTS had several shuttles and some operated at interval of 10 minutes and some operated at interval of 20 minutes. The ‘DoubleMap’ applicationRead MoreLeadership Analysis : President Bill Clinton1189 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Analysis Review For this Leadership Analysis, I chose former President Bill Clinton. Bill Clinton was born in Hope, AR on August 19, 1946. At an early age Bill had an experience that changed his life on July 24, 1963, a young Bill Clinton met President John F. Kennedy while attending Boys Nation. This meeting inspired the future president to pursue a life in public service. Bill Clinton was a President that did not allow anyone to tell him something could not be done. If this President

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Agricultural_Development Free Essays

Before the start of the 20th century, the overwhelming majority of increases in agricultural production were the result of an increase in the amount of cultivated areas. However, the start of the 21st century has come to demand that nearly all increases in agricultural production result from the increased productivity of existing cultivated areas, thereby leaving an extremely window of time for countries to make the dramatic shift from a system of production that has long been based on resources to one that is based on science (Ruttan, 2001 p. 179). We will write a custom essay sample on Agricultural_Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now To quantify the shift in terms of population, as the global population neared $1 billion, the increased demand for agriculture was met by expanding farm land area. In sharp contrast, the population, and consequently the demand for agriculture, more than doubled after 1950. Virtually all of the demand, which suddenly doubled, was met by increasing farm productivity (Federico, 2005 p. 388). For developed countries, the shift from a most resource-based system to a science-based system began in the 19th century. But, unfortunately for developing countries, these changes did not begin to take place until the second half of the 20th century, thereby leaving the developing countries at a disadvantage because the demands place on agriculture had doubled by this time. Population and income growth were the underlying causes of this two-fold increase. Because demands are expected to rapidly double again, substantial and scientific and technical effort will be required in the world’s poorest in countries in order for them to complete the transition to the science-based system (Ruttan, 2001 p. 179). Since the 1950s, the overall understanding of agriculture’s role in economic development has increased. In the past, development economists in premodern and traditional societies viewed agriculture as static as sustained annual growth rates as low as 0.5 to 1% were feasible over extended periods. With industrialization, agricultural output growth rates increased to 1.5% to 2.5%, rates which were sustained for extended periods of time in Western Europe, North America, and Japan. Since 1950, growth rates have shifted further upward to 3%. This increase primarily took place in newly developing countries like Brazil, The People’s Republic of China, and Mexico. As output growth rates steadily increased, economists came to adopt the new view that agriculture was dynamic rather than static (Ruttan, 2001 p. 180). By 1960, the high-payoff input model merged as a new theory by which economists were attempting to understand agriculture. It took into consideration agroenvironmental constraints and is based on the conclusion that these constrains make agricultural technology location specific. For example, it was discovered that technologies that were developed in highly developed countries were generally not transferable to less developed countries which had different climates and resource endowments. Additionally, it appeared evident that because poor countries were not providing peasant farmers with technical and economic opportunities, reallocating resources in traditional peasant agriculture would only produce marginal productivity gains. Under the high-payoff input model, it was argued that developing economies could be transformed by investments from the public and private sectors to make high-payoff technical inputs available to poor farmers (Ruttan, 2001 p. 187). Between the 1970s and mid 1980s, Hayami, Ruttan ,and Binswanger developed a new agricultural model in which conditions in the economic system arose from technical and institutional change. This model was based on the recognition that there is more than one path to technological development. These different paths to development make it possible for a country to substitute more abundant factors for scarce factors. Techniques which allow for the substitution of other labor factors are termed â€Å"labor saving†, while techniques which facilitate the substitution of other land factors are referred to as â€Å"land saving†. Mechanical technology corresponds with labor saving technology, as it substitutes power and machinery for labor. Biological technology, which tends to substitute intensive production practices and industrial inputs for land, corresponds with land saving techniques. Chemical fertilizers, increased recycling of manures, pesticides, and pathogen-resistant crops are example of land saving technologies. Mechanical technology and mechanical processes were the driving force of the industrial revolution. But biological and chemical technologies became more prominent in the latter half of the 20th century (Ruttan, 2001 p. 188, 190). How to cite Agricultural_Development, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Organization Have Discovered Several Requireâ€Myassignmenhelp.Com

Question: Explain Organization Have Discovered Several Require? Answer: Introduction This paper discusses about the issues that have been brought forward by the management of Byrne Limited. The directors of the organization have discovered several issues that require clarification. The views of the directors may not be in line with the Australian Accounting Standard, Corporations Act 2001 and thereby not bring out the correct and fair views. Therefore, Mr Bastin Byrne, the managing director of Byrne Ltd has emailed the manager of the accounting practice of Baxter and Associates Ms Pippa Baxter regarding various issues that are seen in his company. Ms Pippa Baxter has therefore asked to mail a draft on behalf of the response of the mail. This draft therefore will explain all the issues that have been asked by Mr Byrne. The draft will try to answer the problems that have been put forward by Mr Byrne and the answers are discussed as follows: It is seen that Mr Ambrose has suggested that there is no longer any requirement to show the non-current assets at their cost value in the balance sheet. According to this statement, it is suggested that it is not necessary to reveal all their non-current assets at the cost value as the various non-current assets shown at different values according to the life cycle of the non-current asset. It is therefore recommended that the life cycle of the non-current assets are understood and thereafter the value that will be showed in the balance sheet will be determined (Yao et al., 2015). It is seen that there are various values that are available in the market namely the fair value, carrying value, cost value, recoverable value etc. The cost value of the non-current asset may not show the actual feature of the asset and that would lead to wrong data. Therefore, it can be said that the suggestion given out by Mr Ambrose can be taken into consideration (Brouwer Hoogendoorn 2017). However, there are various other options that are available to the organization of they can value their non-current assets. It is important to understand the stage the non-current assets are going through and then decide what the value that requires to be published. If the non-current asset is going through the acquiring stage, then it needs to be valued at the fair value of the assets that are given up for claiming the non-current assets. During the holding stage the assets are valued with respect to its position like the depreciation, impairment examination and revaluation model (Picker et al., 2016). It is seen that the minor repairs are expensed and huge repairs are capitalised. The carrying value and the cost value are used at this stage. However, it is seen that in case of the disposal stage recovery value is used. Therefore, it is suggested that the assets are valued according to the stage at which the asset lies and thereby helping the organization to publish the true value t hat will be helpful for the preparation of the balance sheet true and fairly. This issue discusses about the warranty costs that are incurred or expected by the company for repairing and replacing any product that has been sold by the company. The company earlier used to record their warranty cost by comparing it with their actual value. However, it is seen that in the current meeting they have decided not to do so. The estimation of the warranty expense before the actual cost can be determined with the forecasting ability of the firm. The estimation of the warranty cost before the actual cost is only possible if the accrual takes place in the same accounting period in which the associated sale of the product is recorded (Perreault et al., 2016). In doing so, the financial statements precisely reveals all the related costs that are linked with the sale of the product and thereby revealing the true profitability gained through the process of selling of the product. The best way to calculate the warranty expense is to compare the expense with the actual cost as the utilization of this process is helpful for understanding the true value that is incurred. The use of this method minimises the chances of any false statements and revealing of the true value. This method is a simple method and is very easy for the accountants to compute and the use of this method reduces the chances of the variances in the warranty costs (Lee Vetter 2015). However, it is even recommended that the company should even estimate the expenses that have not incurred yet as it has been done a plenty of time in accounting. It is known that accounting requires the use of forecasting as it is done to predict the bad debts so that the company stay prepared for it. In the same way, the estimation of warranty expenses is even important so that the firm can stay ready for such expenses from the beginning of the accounting year and can undertake various actions to mitigate the warr anty expenses thereby maintaining their profit level that they desire. The estimation of the expenses earlier than the incurring of the cost can aid the firm preparing contingency steps so that they can avoid their operations from any additional losses. It is recommended that he warranty expenses should be predicted by looking at the past company history of the firm (Walstra et al., 2014). The previous history of the firm can be known by looking at their journal entries and income statement of the firm. In order to predict the warranty expense of the firm, there are three things that requires to be considered. They are as follows: The number of units of the products that have been sold during the time period that has been recorded What is the total percentage of the of the product sold may require replacement or repairs by looking at the past experiences Discovering the average cost of replacement or repairs that are under the warranty period The use of these methods will be useful for the determination of the warranty expenses before the actual cost. Therefore, it is recommended that the new decagons can be implemented by the company as it may improve their business activities and solve the issues that are in consideration. The third issue that has been given out in the mail is in regards with the posting of the long leave expenses for their employees. An amount of $150,000 has been calculated as the long leave expenses for the employees for the firm. The company usually posts this expense in their Statement of Comprehensive Income when the employees generally take the leave and the amount is paid to them. The problem that has lingers in mind of the firm is that it is very difficult to estimate the time when the employees will take the leave. In such a situation, it is seen that when the employees take leave the expenses gets increased during that month and it has an effect on the profit of the firm. It is even seen that the chances of every employee taking a leave at the same time is impossible (Flannery 2016). However, there is a possibility that a higher percentage of the employees can take leave at the same time. Therefore, it is recommended that the organization creates a contingency liability for the employee leave expenses so that in case of emergency they can make use of this fund to pay off the expenses towards the long leave (Bova 2016). The maintenance of the contingent liability lowers the chances of the firm facing any loss of profit within a financial year and reduces the burden over them for paying additional expenses during a specific time period. The disclosure of the long leave expenses as a contingent liability is recommended as it provides the firm with knowledge about the expenses they have to bear in the current period or in future and accordingly they strategize their business plan so that they can maintain their profit over their additional expenses (Hall et al., 2014). The contingent liability lowers the pressure over the firm and they can even use this fund for any emergency situation that was unexpected in terms of the company thereby mitigating the problem and maintaining their current business operations This is a very complex and core issue that is faced by the organization. It is seen that there are various non-cancellable contracts that the firm have gone into for giving out after sales services to their customers. The money for these services are paid by the customers themselves and thereby overcoming any added problems. The problem has been generated with a contract that has been undertaken when a purchaser has paid out $12,000 for an after sales service for a period of 1 year. The amount that requires to be paid for 1 year has been paid together in a lump and the whole amount is paid to the company. It is seen that the usual practice of the company is to post this revenue in their Comprehensive Income Statement as service revenue (Huang et al., 2016). However, in this meeting Mr. Ambrose, one of the managing directors has discovered a substitute way of recognizing this revenue in the income statement. He feels that the payment given one time is a deferred income and thus should be posted as the service is rendered. Saroo, on the other hand, being other managing director contradicts to this proposal and says that usual practice should be used. According to the present scenario, it is recommended that the proposal given out Mr Ambrose should be adopted. It is due to the fact that even though the contracts are non-cancellable there are chances that there might be discrepancies that might lead to a problem between the firm and the service company. In such situations there are certain clause and situations that can lead to the cancellation of the contract (Feinschreiber et al., 2014) . There is another case, in which the client may not require the need of the service in the middle of their service period. In that situation he is likely to ask for refund for the period he does not wish to receive the services (Finke Pfau 2015). Therefore, it is better to keep the revenue saved as deferred income and the revenue is to be posted as the service is being rendered so that an accurate maintenance of the income can be kept. This process may involve numerous passing of entries, but this process will increase the fairness of the financial statement. In order to reduce any sort of financial mishap within the income statement of the firm, this strategy is suggested (Bohuov Vvrov 2014). The next issue that is line is the company has decided to sell one of their divisions to a New Zealand Company as Byrne Ltd does not want to concentrate on this line of product. It is seen that this company wants to pay an additional $300,000 over the fair value that has been agreed upon by both the parties. The extra amount that has been agreed about can be regarded as goodwill by Byrne Ltd it is known that goodwill refers to any amount that has been given over the fair value of the asset (Zhang Zhang 2017). It is seen that the unrecorded patent that that will be transferred to them will be treated similarly like the intangible assets and thereby can be accounted for in the same way as intangible assets are treated. The unrecorded asset will be accounted namely through initial recording, amortization, impairment and de-recognition (Sinclair Keller 2017). The shares issued by the company from New Zealand on account for the division is due to an extra benefit or remuneration to Byrne Ltd. The issue of the shares to Byrne Ltd reveals that the New Zealand Company has made Byrne Ltd as their shareholders and even they possess a part of the business that is operated by the New Zealand Company. Therefore, officially it can be said that Byrne Ltd is a shareholder of the New Zealand Company (Bugeja, Loyeung 2015). These shareholders can account for these shares by recognizing them as their investment and posting the dividend that is yielded from the shares in their Comprehensive Income Statement. Conclusion The conclusion of the paper reveals that all the queries that were emailed by Mr. Byrne have been answered and sufficient evidence and relevance has been provided with the answer so that they terminate the issues that rose from the general meeting. The rectification of these issues will improve the operations of the firm thereby leading to rise in profit and market share of the organization. Reference List Bohuov, H., Vvrov, E. (2014). The structure of the deferred income tax and its influence on indicators describing the economic performance of commercial insurance companies.Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis,55(3), 143-156. Bova, M. E. (2016).The Fiscal Costs of Contingent Liabilities. International Monetary Fund. Brouwer, A., Hoogendoorn, M. (2017). The Role and Current Status of IFRS in the Completion of National Accounting RulesEvidence from the Netherlands.Accounting in Europe, 1-13. Bugeja, M., Loyeung, A. (2015). What drives the allocation of the purchase price to goodwill?.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,11(3), 245-261. Feinschreiber, S. A., Lyalko, A., Mazumdar, P. D. (2014).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/493,194. Finke, M., Pfau, W. D. (2015). Reduce Retirement Costs with Deferred Income Annuities Purchased before Retirement.Journal of Financial Planning,28, 7-40. Flannery, M. J. (2016). Stabilizing large financial institutions with contingent capital certificates.Quarterly Journal of Finance,6(02), 1650006. Hall, S. C., Carstenson, L. G., Stammerjohan, W. W. (2014). The Case of the Exxon Valdez: Reporting Contingent Liabilities for Potential Damage Awards.The Accounting Educators' Journal,23. Huang, H., Milevsky, M. A., Young, V. R. (2016). Optimal Purchasing of Deferred Income Annuities When Payout Yields are Mean-Reverting.Review of Finance, rfw003. Lee, B. B., Vetter, W. (2015). Critical Evaluation of Accrual Models in Earnings Management Studies.Journal of Accounting and Finance,15(1), 62. Perreault, S., Kida, T., David Piercey, M. (2016). The Relative Effectiveness of Simultaneous versus Sequential Negotiation Strategies in Auditor?Client Negotiations.Contemporary Accounting Research. Picker, R., Clark, K., Dunn, J., Kolitz, D., Livne, G., Loftus, J., van der Tas, L. (2016).Applying international financial reporting standards. John Wiley Sons. Sinclair, R., Keller, K. L. (2017). Brand value, accounting standards, and mergers and acquisitions:The Moribund Effect.Journal of Brand Management,24(2), 178-192. Walstra, R., Harrington, S., Drougas, A. (2014). Developing financial competencies within the business curriculum: a deferred tax assignment.Journal of Finance and Accountancy,15, 1. Yao, D. F. T., Percy, M., Hu, F. (2015). Fair value accounting for non-current assets and audit fees: Evidence from Australian companies.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,11(1), 31-45. Zhang, I. X., Zhang, Y. (2017). Accounting discretion and purchase price allocation after acquisitions.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,32(2), 241-270.

Friday, November 29, 2019

About a boy free essay sample

About a boy is a novel written by the famous English author Nick Hornby. Nick was born the 17th April in 1957, and had from an early age a massive dedication for books and literature. He’s first finished novel was called ‘’High Fidelity’’ and became a great success, which encouraged him to write more, and by the end of the year 1998 he had published ‘’About a Boy’’. It received great reviews. ‘’About a boy’’ is a story about twelve-year old Marcus and 36-year old Will and how they develop their friendship. Marcus’ parents are divorced and he now lives with his mother Fiona in London. Fiona tries to not be like everyone else and tells Marcus to be himself, which in his situation means to be like her, and is therefore making troubles for Marcus with fitting in at his new school. Both pupils and teachers are giving Marcus a hard time, and not just through the way he acts does he stand out, he is wearing different clothes and have a different haircut, which in the bullies eyes makes him look even more like a weirdo. We will write a custom essay sample on About a boy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marcus is the oldest twelve-year old boy in the whole world since he thinks and acts a lot different from the other ‘’normal’’ teenagers, he thinks like a grown-up, and even though he tries to make himself invisible he is being bullied by the others. Will at the other hand is the complete different from Marcus. He is a grown-up man but thinks like a teenager. His father wrote a very popular Christmas song that are still making a lot of money, so Will does not have a job and he will probably never need one. Will is only interested in getting single mums to bed, and that’s exactly the way that he and Marcus meet, through a single parents group. At first Will and Marcus doesn’t go very good along, but as time goes by they get to know each other and so they are starting to learn from each other. Will teaches Marcus how to be a twelve-year old wile Marcus teaches Will how to be a 36-year old grown-up. The main characters of the story are Marcus and Will, and they are having a bit of a strange and complicated relationship. They are both ‘’the wrong age’’ in their head, but throughout the story they learn from each other and at the end they are both acting like they are ‘’supposed’’ to do. Some of the other characters are also being big impacts behind the feelings and reactions of the main characters. Let’s take a closer look at some of them; Fiona. She is the mother of Marcus and a rather depressive musician therapist. Her life consists of trying not to be a cheap, or more easily known as trying not to be like everyone else. She is not poor, but not rich either. She is having very big influence in Marcus’ life. She is quite unique and she lives in the past, listening to Joni Mitchell and wearing funny clothes. She has got some problems and tried to top herself once, luckily she did not succeed. She is a bit selfish, considering the fact that she got a child to take care of. Ellie. Ellie is a 15-year old punk girl from Marcus’ school. She is a very rebellious teenager and most people are afraid of her. She decides that she likes Marcus’, and the two of them built a strange but good friendship. Ellie thinks that Marcus is funny and Marcus gets a lifesaver. One of the most important themes in the book is obviously childhood. The story teaches us that growing up have nothing to do with age, and even though people often think that older folks have more experience and knowledge than the younger generation, the story shows us a different moral. Older people can just as well learn from young people, and it’s only natural that the learning goes both ways. In my opinion this is a great book in many ways. The author writes in a way that makes it possible to read for people at almost all ages. The theme is not just interesting, but also important. There are actions and feelings in the book that most people can relate to, which makes it even more interesting. And since the writer have used quite an easy language the book is a great ‘’first experience’’ for people reading their first book in their second language. The book is also quite funny, which is always a plus for me.

Monday, November 25, 2019

la pieta essays

la pieta essays To see a scorned, beaten, and crucified man lying dead in the arms of his mother is an image, which can inspire overwhelming emotions within the heart of an observer. Yet, for the longest time I've had such difficulty looking at Michelangelo's Pieta or any piece of art in this way. To me, art has never been about expressing oneself or conveying a message to others, but simply creating an image for the sake of beauty and perfection. When I look at the Pieta I see a cold, solid mass of marble carved by the skilled hands of a master. I look at it in terms of the technique Michelangelo used, the understanding he had of the human form, the movement within the composition, and ultimately the precision and realism with which the piece was rendered. For it has been upon these standards that I have based my concept of what art is. In my eyes, art has always been just a unique ability that I have. I feel driven by it, not to express some deep emotion, but almost as an obsession to perfect my own ability. Every stroke of a brush and every motion of a file has been to make what I've created more detailed, graceful, and real. I'm only now beginning to realize how much more there is to art than what I had previously understood. When I look at a piece of my work, I see the detail and realism of it, yet somehow I feel that these aspects are all that it possesses. I wonder whether or not I've almost turned my sense of art into a science that lacks the essential characteristics of art, which are expression and emotion. Yet now I have also begun to see that the strictness and precision of my art truly is an expression of who I am, and that through it, one can understand how I perceive the world around me. I feel uncomfortable in a world where nearly every aspect of our lives is becoming less clearly defined and where right and wrong are continually forsaken for a vague sense of truth. So in some respects, art provides me with the sense of str ...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Quality of Care for Diabetic Patients in a Large Urban Public Hospital Assignment

Quality of Care for Diabetic Patients in a Large Urban Public Hospital - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that Suwattee, Lynch, and Pendergrass relied on hospital records mainly from the quality improvement department to collect data pertaining to patient characteristics and information on their follow up by physicians. They analyzed the data using x2 test, ANOVA, Fisher’s PLSD test to observe categorical and continuous variables, while taking the help of SAS statistical software. They concluded that diabetes clinic provided the highest quality care while clinic staffed by internal medicine residents provided the intermediate and the other clinic staffed by faculty physicians provided the least amount of care. Validity: As it was mentioned by the authors, the research was mainly based on documented reports rather than direct observations. Also, if their pre-existing favorability towards diabetes clinic had made them perform an overlooked biased study with respect to selection and testing of measures, the internal valid ity would have been in question. However, the documentation of their data analysis and the correlation of results and assumptions with relevant published data suggest that the study can be considered as validated. From the data, assumptions and relative measures provided by the authors, it can be stated that the results of this study have content, predictive and concurrent validity, respectively. Applicability: The main point identified in this research was that diabetes clinic having a disease-management process provided highest quality care to patients. It was in spite of the fact that some aspects of the care in the diabetes clinic are provided by least experienced personnel than those in the clinic staffed by faculty physicians. Adherence to standard guidelines for patient care through a system-wide coordination among involved providers is the key for this difference. Though this comprehensive approach seems widely applicable, the fact that even the diabetes clinic’s scor e was also suboptimal indicates that applicability needs long-term commitment and participation of all involved entities.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

World history and american history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World history and american history - Assignment Example They emerged around 900 BCE. They had a long lasting culture in Peru, for about 100 years. They contributed artefact like the cast bronze artwork that spread around Peru. They used bronze for artwork and not for making weapons. The Chavan never lasted for a longer period as the Olmec (Rosenswig, Robert 167) The Operation was developed by the U.S government to transport the Vietnamese orphans out of the war-torn country. The first flight was to leave Saigon on 4th April 1974. During the last days of the war, the United States began boarding the Vietnamese children into the military transport. The aim was to let the children adopted by American, European, Canadian and Australian families. The first plane crashed and killed approximately 138 Vietnam children. Other children, transported by McDonald and other volunteers, succeeded to reach the destination safely (Wise, Phillip 223). The mechanics or logistics of the operation was by the airlifting of the children who were believed to be orphans. The process was through a seated cargo plane. Inside the plane, the children sat in small cardboard boxes lined with blankets (Wise, Phillip 251). The plane had caretakers with volunteers inside. Babylift operation was seen as the last desperate attempt to get sympathy for the war. As the war was towards its end, food became inadequate, and gasoline became very expensive as one moved towards the north. Therefore, the children’s lives were at risk. So they had to be taken to America so as to seek help. The outcome of the operation was successful to some level. The first plane that left Saigon crashed several minutes after its takeoff and killed 138 people, most of which included the children. Despite the crash, the operation managed to remove more than 3300 children out of Vietnam. It appeared that most of the children had families and were not orphans. The rumors were that most of the children’s parents got desperate to

Monday, November 18, 2019

Drafting Introbodyconclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drafting Introbodyconclusion - Essay Example They spend a lot of time and money in their quest for the perfect body. They spend time under the surgeon's knife, trying as hard to look the perfect person. Models on the ramp, play host to millions of probing eyes and have been taught to look their pleasing best. Life is never easy on the fast track. Leaving behind their personal feelings, and throwing caution to wind, these tall, slim-legged, hour-glass bodied women live a life of make-believe. Is life on the ramp a bed of roses, as most of us make it to be How true has the proverb, "All that shines is not gold" proved to be. Yes! The ramp is a stage, and the models, its actors. They are there to please the connoisseur and our senses. To follow them would be disastrous and to say the least, painful. Health and beauty industries thrive on women's senses. Not much can be said of men's apparel or health and beauty care. This multi-million dollar industry remains vibrant thanks to media hype and idol-worship. Not much is seen or heard of adversities. MTV shows women clad in minutiae bits and pieces of clothing flashing more of bodies than the cloth they are supposed to represent. This is far from the reality of what fashion should be today. It's true that there remains a few with genuine interest in clothing and its accessories, but for the majority, it's the flesh and blood that appeals most.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Genetic Engineering of BT Cotton

Genetic Engineering of BT Cotton INTRODUCTION BT cotton Cotton and other monocultured crops require an intensive use of pesticides as various types of pests attack these crops causing extensive damage. Over the past 40 years, many pests have developed resistance to pesticides. cSo far, the only successful approach to engineering crops for insect tolerance has been the addition of Bt toxin, a family of toxins originally derived from soil bacteria. The Bt toxin contained by the Bt crops is no different from other chemical pesticides, but causes much less damage to the environment. These toxins are effective against a variety of economically important crop pests but pose no hazard to non-target organisms like mammals and fish. Three Bt crops are now commercially available: corn, cotton, and potato. As of now, cotton is the most popular of the Bt crops: it was planted on about 1.8 million acres (728437 ha) in 1996 and 1997. The Bt gene was isolated and transferred from a bacterium bacillus thurigiensis to American cotton. The American cotton was subsequently crossed with Indian cotton to introduce the gene into native varieties. The Bt cotton variety contains a foreign gene obtained from bacillus thuringiensis. This bacterial gene, introduced genetically into the cotton seeds, protects the plants from bollworm (A. lepidoptora), a major pest of cotton. The worm feeding on the leaves of a BT cotton plant becomes lethargic and sleepy, thereby causing less damage to the plant Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa. The fiber most often is spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile, which is the most widely used natural-fiber cloth in clothing today. It is a natural fibre. The English name, which began to be used circa 1400, derives from the Arabic meaning cotton. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, In the Southern United States, cotton was known as King Cotton because of the great economic and cultural influence it had there. Cotton has been spun, woven, and dyed since prehistoric times. It clothed the people of ancient India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the Christian era cotton textiles were woven in India with matchless skill, and their use spread to the Mediterranean countries. In the 1st cent. Arab traders brought fine muslin and calico to Italy and Spain. The Moors introduced the cultivation of cotton into Spain in the 9th cent. Fustians and dimities were woven there and in the 14th cent. in Venice and Milan, at first with a linen warp. Little cotton cloth was imported to England before the 15th cent., although small amounts were obtained chiefly for candlewicks. By the 17th cent. the East India Company was bringing rare fabrics from India. Native Americans skillfully spun and wove cotton into fine garments and dyed tapestries. Cotton fabrics found in Peruvian tombs are said to belong to a pre-Inca culture. In color and texture the ancient Peruvian and Mexican textiles resemble those f ound in Egyptian tombs. Field trials have n that farmers who grew the Bt variety obtained 25%-75% more cotton than those who grew the normal variety. Also, Bt cotton requires only two sprays of chemical pesticide against eight sprays for normal variety. According to the director general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India uses about half of its pesticides on cotton to fight the bollworm menace. Organic cotton Organic cotton is cotton that is grown without insecticide or pesticide. Worldwide, cotton is a pesticide-intensive crop, using approximately 25% of the worlds insecticides and 10% of the worlds pesticides.Organic agriculture uses methods that are ecological, economical, and socially sustainable and denies the use of agrochemicals and artificial fertilizers. Instead, organic agriculture uses crop rotation, the growing of different crops than cotton in alternative years. The use of insecticides is prohibited; organic agriculture uses natural enemies to suppress harmful insects. The production of organic cotton is more expensive than the production of conventional cotton. Although toxic pollution from synthetic chemicals is eliminated, other pollution-like problems may remain, particularly run-off. Organic cotton is produced in organic agricultural systems that produce food and fiber according to clearly established standards. Organic agriculture prohibits the use of toxic and persiste nt chemical pesticides and fertilizers, as well as genetically modified organisms. It seeks to build biologically diverse agricultural systems, replenish and maintain soil fertility, and promote a healthy environment. Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium of the genus Bacillus. Additionally, B. thuringiensis also occurs naturally in the gut of caterpillars of various types of moths and butterflies, as well as on the dark surface of plants.[1] B. thuringiensis was discovered 1901 in Japan by Ishiwata and 1911 in Germany by Ernst Berliner, who discovered a disease called Schlaffsucht in flour moth caterpillars. B. thuringiensis is closely related to B. cereus, a soil bacterium, and B. anthracis, the cause of anthrax: the three organisms differ mainly in their plasmids. Like other members of the genus, all three are aerobes capable of producing endospores.[1] Upon sporulation, B. thuringiensis forms crystals of proteinaceous insecticidal ÃŽÂ ´-endotoxins (Cry toxins) which are encoded by cry genes.[2] Cry toxins have specific activities against species of the orders Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies), Diptera (Flies and Mosquitoes) and Coleoptera (Beetles). Thus, B. thuringiensis serves as an important reservoir of Cry toxins and cry genes for production of biological insecticides and insect-resistant genetically modified crops. When insects ingest toxin crystals the alkaline pH of their digestive tract causes the toxin to become activated. It becomes inserted into the insects gut cell membranes forming a pore resulting in swelling, cell lysis and eventually killing the insect. Genetically modified cotton Genetically modified (GM) cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis naturally produces a chemical harmful only to a small fraction of insects, most notably the larvae of moths and butterflies, beetles, and flies, and harmless to other forms of life. The gene coding for BT toxin has been inserted into cotton, causing cotton to produce this natural insecticide in its tissues. In many regions the main pests in commercial cotton are lepidopteran larvae, which are killed by the BT protein in the transgenic cotton that they eat. This eliminates the need to use large amounts of broad-spectrum insecticides to kill lepidopteran pests (some of which have developed pyrethroid resistance). This spares natural insect predators in the farm ecology and further contributes to non-insecticide pest management. BT cotton is ineffective against many cotton pests, however, such as plant bugs, stink bugs, aphids, etc.; depending on circumstances it may still be desirable to use insecticides against these. Genetically modified cotton is widely used throughout the world. However, researchers have recently published the first documented case of in-field pest resistance to GM cotton. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) said that, worldwide, GM cotton was planted on an area of 67,000 km ² in 2002. This is 20% of the worldwide total area planted in cotton. The U.S. cotton crop was 73% GM in 2003. Cotton has gossypol, a toxin that makes it inedible. However, scientists have silenced the gene that produces the toxin, making it a potential food crop. Uses Spores and crystalline insecticidal proteins produced by B. thuringiensis are used as specific insecticides under trade names such as Dipel and Thuricide. Because of their specificity, these pesticides are regarded as environmentally friendly, with little or no effect on humans, wildlife, pollinators, and most other beneficial insects. The Belgian company Plant Genetic Systems was the first company (in 1985) to develop genetically engineered (tobacco) plants with insect tolerance by expressing cry genes from B. thuringiensis. B. thurigiensis-based insecticides are often applied as liquid sprays on crop plants, where the insecticide must be ingested to be effective. It is thought that the solubilized toxins form pores in the midgut epithelium of susceptible larvae. Recent research has suggested that the midgut bacteria of susceptible larvae are required for B. thuringiensis insecticidal activity. Genetic engineering for pest control Bt crops (in corn and cotton) were planted on 281,500 km ² in 2006 (165,600 km ² of Bt corn and 115900 km ² of Bt cotton). This was equivalent to 11.1% and 33.6% respectively of global plantings of corn and cotton in 2006.] Claims of major benefits to farmers, including poor farmers in developing countries, have been made by advocates of the technology, and have been challenged by opponents. The task of isolating impacts of the technology is complicated by the prevalence of biased observers, and by the rarity of controlled comparisons (such as identical seeds, differing only in the presence or absence of the Bt trait, being grown in identical situations). The main Bt crop being grown by small farmers in developing countries is cotton, and a recent exhaustive review of findings on Bt cotton by respected and unbiased agricultural economists concluded that the overall balance sheet, though promising, is mixed. Economic returns are highly variable over years, farm type, and geograp hical location Advantages There are several advantages in expressing Bt toxins in transgenic Bt crops: The level of toxin expression can be very high thus delivering sufficient dosage to the pest. The toxin expression is contained within the plant system and hence only those insects that feed on the crop perish. The toxin expression can be modulated by using tissue-specific promoters, and replaces the use of synthetic pesticides in the environment. The latter observation has been well documented world-wide Possible problems The most celebrated problem ever associated with Bt crops was the claim that pollen from Bt maize could kill the monarch butterfly. This report was puzzling because the pollen from most maize hybrids contains much lower levels of Bt than the rest of the plant and led to multiple follow-up studies. In the end, it appears that the initial study was flawed; based on the way the pollen was collected, they collected and fed non-toxic pollen that was mixed with anther walls that did contain Bt toxin. The weight of the evidence is that BT crops do not pose a risk to the monarch butterfly. There was also a report in Nature, that Bt maize was contaminating maize in its center of origin. Nature later concluded that the evidence available is not sufficient to justify the publication of the original paper. A subsequent large-scale study failed to find any evidence of contamination in Oaxaca.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Art of Calf Roping :: Expository Process Essays

The Art of Calf Roping It’s 2:00 a.m. Sunday morning. Jake and I are headed down the longest stretch of road in Texas. We have just pulled out of El Paso and are on the way to Fredericksburg to participate in the Frontier Days Rodeo. We were fortunate to have put together a decent run on our last draw and win enough day-money to keep us going for a while. Jake and I are rodeo-bums, to be specific, calf ropers. I am the one who tries to throw the loop of a rope around a calf’s neck and Jake is my partner, the best roping horse a cowboy ever mounted. By the way, how many understand the art of calf roping? I thought so. Let me walk through the steps of what it takes to put together that perfect run, not that I can do it that often. Contestants arrive at the arena an hour before the performance to draw the calf each will be roping. A large pen of calves is assembled, each calf branded with a different number. Corresponding numbers are placed in a hat and each cowboy draws his calf for the first go-around. There is always some cowboy who knows what rodeo string these particular calves are from and can discuss some trait of nearly all of them. For example, " number 16 breaks hard and heads straight to the far end of the arena. Number 8 will break hard but tends to veer sharply right on nearly every run. Number 21 breaks slow and many a good horse has run right past him". Having studied the calf, the run put together in my head several times, I am ready to rodeo. Jake is anxiously waiting and ready to be saddled. Mounting up, I pat Jake gently on the neck and we make several trips through the parking lot to get warmed up. The announcer calls my number and I walk Jake into the arena and check the calf in the chute to be sure he is the one we are to rope. I back Jake into the roping box and the judge stretches and secures the barrier. (The barrier is a small piece of rope pulled tight across the exit of the box designed to give the calf a 10- foot head start. If the horse leaves early and breaks the barrier, 10 seconds are added to the completion of the run).

Monday, November 11, 2019

Moral Law Vs Natural Law In The Scarlet Letter Essay

Moral Law Vs. Natural Law â€Å"At the dramatic center of The Scarlet Letter is the idea of the awesomeness and inescapability of the Moral Law, to which all else is finally submitted,† (Levy 384). Assuming that Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter exploring the relationship between Moral law and Natural law, he chooses the moral laws to be absolute. Using definitions of nature and character provided by Seymour Katz applied to the terms natural law and moral law allow an extension of Leo Levy’s claim that Moral laws are supreme. Moral law is an internalization of normalizing aspects of society it, â€Å"is acquired in time through nurture, education, and social experience. The older the individual the more fixed and stable is his character, and the less likely he is to act outside of the principles of his society or his role,† (Katz 5). The natural law is being in a condition where society cannot impose any rules or laws, â€Å"It is undirected impulse or potential energy which the individual will expend and express in various ways in the course of his life,† (4). By applying the definitions of natural law and moral law to the way Hawthorne reveals the truth in the novel and to the development of the character Pearl, Hawthorne proves that moral law is the dominant form of law in The Scarlet Letter. In the forest natural laws should be supreme. Here, the black man or devil makes his home, Mistress Hibbons goes to perform her witchcraft, and Hester and Dimmesdale commit their adultery (Hawthorne 144-145). Moral law forbids each of these three things. Only in the forest, a place where moral law does not apply, can any of these things happen. From a very early age people are taught by the moral laws that the forest contains evil. â€Å"But she fancied me asleep when she was talking of it. She said that a thousand and a thousand people had met him here, and had written in his book, and have his mark on them. And that ugly-tempered lady, Old Mistress Hibbons, was one. And, mother, the old dame said that this scarlet letter was the Black Man’s mark on thee, and that it glows like a red flame when thou meetest him at midnight, here in the dark wood.† (126) Pearl, at the age of seven, already understands the forest contains evil. This normalizing aspect of moral law teaches the society that the representation of natural  law, the forest, is evil. Thus, the moral laws quickly gain an advantage over the natural, before an individual is old enough to form their own opinion on the matter. Another way the moral law proves to be supreme is when examining another theme in the text, hypocrisy. The hypocrisy is so wide spread, even the Reverend Dimmesdale, introduced possessing an, â€Å"eloquence and religious fervor [having] already given the earnest of high eminence in his profession,† (48). This quality combined with a, â€Å"dewy purity of thought, which, as many people said, affected them like the speech of an angel,† (48) caused Dimmesdale to be perceived as a model of purity and godliness for his congregation despite committing a sin incomprehensible to them. Even after his confession his society does not believe the truth that Dimmesdale committed adultery. This shows how strong the character of Dimmesdale is imagined to be by his people. Because the truth is often obscured by hypocrisy, where the truth is found there will be a very strong reflection on the relationship between moral law, and natural law. In the forest, when Pearl asks Hester what the scarlet letter means and why she wears it, Hester lies to her child for the first time. â€Å"What does the letter mean, mother? -and why dost thou wear it?†Ã‚ ¦.And as for the scarlet letter, I wear it for the sake of its gold thread! In all the seven bygone years, Hester Prynne had never before been false to the symbol on her bosom,† (123). Hester lies to her child for the first time while they are in the forest because she is taught to be ashamed of her sin by the moral laws. These laws have a far-reaching power; their effect is felt even in the forest, the idealization of natural law. The truth about Chillingworth’s character reveals itself at the strongpoint of moral laws, the scaffold. This device serves as the deterrent for criminals where they are displayed for the public’s entertainment. â€Å"In fact, this scaffold constituted a portion of the penal machine†Ã‚ ¦but was held, in the old time, to be as effectual an agent in the promotion of good citizenship, as ever was the guillotine among the terrorists of France†, (41). The scaffold punishes people for crimes committed violating the moral  laws by exposing the perpetrator to public ignominy. The true nature of Chillingworth’s character is revealed while Dimmesdale, Hester, and Pearl are performing a midnight vigil on the scaffold. â€Å"To his features, as to all other objects the meteoric light imparted a new expression; or it might well be that the physician was not careful then, as at all other times, to hide the malevolence with which he looked upon his victim†, (107). This revelation occurs at the pinnacle of the puritan penal system, the enforcing agent of all moral laws. Even though the â€Å"meteoric light† might be interpreted as an act of nature, this is not the case. It comes from the heavens where the puritan society acquires the religious justification to carry out their laws. Thus the moral law is responsible for providing the truth to the reader in this instance. Another symbol coming from the forest are the Indians. They live in the forest and only periodically come under the jurisdiction of moral laws by entering a city or town. Because of this their actions and ideas can be interpreted to represent the position of natural law. In the instance when they interpret the meaning of the scarlet letter during the election day sermon their interpretation that, â€Å"the wearer of this brilliantly embroidered badge must needs be a personage of high dignity among her people†, (167) is the exact opposite of what the symbol was originally intended to mean. The symbol for nature in this case considers the scarlet letter a boon. In contrast, the scarlet letter was originally intended to be a punishment having the â€Å"effect of a spell, taking her out of ordinary relations with humanity, and inclosing her in a sphere by herself†. (40) This was the original function, which the moral law dictated the letter should serve. Although the letter comes to symbolize many different things throughout the text, the only one, which is relevant to examine, is the one it was intended for. Because the moral and natural laws dictate different meaning upon the scarlet letter, one positive and one negative, which one is actually the dominant meaning? The negative meaning is the dominant one; this is because the letter serves its original purpose separating Hester from her society. She lived in a house on the outskirts of the town, not in it and whenever she was in public her fellow citizens would form circles around her. The letter is a negative symbol throughout every part of the  novel barring the conclusion, and because of this the moral laws succeeded in imposing their meaning upon the letter. Another conflict between moral and natural comes in the upbringing of Pearl, Hester’s daughter. She is similar to a wild spirit and is ostracized from society similar to Hester. â€Å"Pearl was a born outcast of the infantile world. An imp of evil, emblem and product of sin, she had no right among christened infants†, (65). She was never part of her society, failing to adhere to moral laws. As a child, she had no conception of the moral laws and acted accordingly. â€Å"‘The little baggage hath witchcraft in her, I profess’, said [Mr. Wilson] to Mr. Dimmesdale. â€Å"ËÅ"She needs no old woman’s broomstick to fly withal.'† (80). In addition to the fact that the upright citizen Mr. Wilson compares Pearl to a witch, she did not understand her religion stating, â€Å"‘He did not send me!’ cried she, positively. â€Å"I have no Heavenly Father!'† (68). By not understanding religion she was not abiding by the moral laws. While still a child Pearl is unaffected by the moral laws but as she grows older she begins to adhere to them. By the end of the novel she is entirely assimilated into the moral culture. She had taken a husband and was living a typical life in Europe (177). By taking a husband she is adhering to the moral laws. While she began her life following the natural laws they eventually were overpowered by the pervasiveness of the moral. The moral laws are so powerful she could not resist their influence. Another assertion of the power of the moral laws in relation to Pearl occurs during the forest scene spanning chapters sixteen through nineteen. Here: Hester, Dimmesdale, and Pearl meet for the first time after the scaffold scene. During these chapters Hester takes off her scarlet letter to prove to Dimmesdale that they can be free of the present situation if they go somewhere else in the world (137). Once Pearl sees her mother without the letter she immediately does not recognize her and becomes scared. â€Å"‘I see what ails the child,’ whispered Hester to the clergyman, and turning pale in spite of a strong effort to conceal her trouble and annoyance. â€Å"ËÅ"Children will not abide any, the slightest, change in the accustomed aspect of things that are daily before their eyes. Pearl misses something  which she has always seen me wear!'† (142) Even in the forest where natural laws reign, Pearl will not approach her mother without Hester wearing the scarlet letter, the symbol the moral laws imposed upon her. The moral laws extend far beyond the edges of towns and cities expanding even into the forest. Hawthorne rejects natural laws by asserting the dominant position and influence of the moral laws. By noticing when and how Hawthorne offers the truth to the reader such as when Hester lied to Pearl in the forest setting or when Chillingworth’s character is revealed under the scrutiny of heavenly light, the moral laws are dominant. Even the chief symbol of the book, the scarlet letter, has a meaning imposed solely by the moral laws. Another character originally having a natural tendency, Pearl, loses that tendency by the end of the novel. In all of these instances the moral laws prove that they are stronger and more pervasive than the natural laws. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. USA: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 1988 Katz, Seymour. â€Å"†Ã‹Å"Character,’ â€Å"ËÅ"Nature,’ and Allegory in The Scarlet Letter† Rept. in Nineteenth Century Fiction. Ed. Blake Nevius. Vol. 23 #1. USA: University of California Press, June 1968. 3-17. Levy, Leo. â€Å"The Landscape Modes of The Scarlet Letter† Rept. in Nineteenth Century Fiction. Ed. Blake Nevius. Vol. 23 #4. USA: University of California Press, March 1969. 377-392.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Women in Song Lyrics essays

Women in Song Lyrics essays I said it must be ya ass cause it aint ya face. This is a quote from a very popular song today by Nelly about a woman. Objectification of women in song lyrics is something mostly used in hip hop. It has become a cool thing to degrade women through song lyrics. There are several artists today that use this as a tool to sell their music; the three that I will focus on are Nelly, Ja Rule, and Outkast. There are also those artists who challenge this degrading of women. One of these artists is Christine Kane. Nelly is a very popular hip hop artist today, whose music is very well known. Nellys song, Tip Drill, is a song completely about the objectification of women. It includes lyrics such as, It must be ya money, cause it aint ya face.....I got you payin my bills and buyin automobiles.....I know you a trick go spend that shit, turn that ass up mama put that dip in ya back, now baby girl bring it over let me spit my pimpjuice, I need a freak to hold me tight....for seven days and seven nights....I need a freak that will not choke....let me stick it down her ohhh, and the chorus, I said it must be ya ass cause it aint ya face. This song is sending listeners the idea that a womans face does not matter as long as she has money or a nice body. It is telling women that they are simply an object for the mans enjoyment. These lyrics are telling men that it is okay to view and treat women in this degrading way. It is showing them that they do not need to have any respect for women. Now moving on to Ja Rule, he has a song called Mesmerize that uses objectification of women as one of the main points of the song. These lyrics include, Girl your stare, those eyes....your lips, your smile, your hips, those thighs....and I cant deny....I got a fetish for f ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Lakota Sun Dance And The Sufi Whirling Dervis Religion Essays

Lakota Sun Dance And The Sufi Whirling Dervis Religion Essays Lakota Sun Dance And The Sufi Whirling Dervis Religion Essay Lakota Sun Dance And The Sufi Whirling Dervis Religion Essay In the Native American faith, the true significance of the Sun Dance lies in the sanctity and deity that the ritual itself represents. ( McLean 1889: 3 ) The Sun Dance is the cardinal one-year rite of the traditional Lakota faith and takes topographic point out-of-doorss during the summer. ( Walker 1917: 12 ) The infinite of the ritual dance is circled around a tree and is created with mention to central points that model traditional universe in the Lakota civilization. ( Holler 1995: 23 ) The spirit of the Sun Dance is based on forfeit, as all terpsichoreans have pledged to endure. In a basic sense, this would affect dancing in the Sun, without nutrient or H2O, runing from two to four yearss. ( Holler 1995: 23 ) Extreme signifiers of forfeit involve the piercing and film editing of human flesh and infixing skewers that are subsequently removed to finish the forfeit. ( Holler 1995: 23 ) In comparing, Sufi Whirling is a ritual dance that is practiced amongst th ose of the Sufism religion in order to accomplish a stronger focal point on God. ( Trimingham 1998: 122 ) Sufism is defined as the inner and mystical dimension of Islam that emphasizes the forsaking of personal self-importances and desires in favor of the recollection of God. ( Godlas 2001 ) The dance itself emphasizes the cosmopolitan life of the domains, and focal points on three physical techniques to accomplish religious world: dance, twirling and leaping. ( Trimingham 1998: 226 ) Both the Sun Dance and Sufi Whirling topographic point accent on the function of the Sun as a religious portion of the ritual dance, but to different extents. The psychological experiences associated with the ritualistic patterns of both the Sun Dance and the Sufi Whirling have much in common. The physical reactions of the Sufi Whirling are multifaceted and affect a assortment of different state of affairss as they arise from both dissociative factors and insouciant factors. Kenneth Avery states that recent grounds suggests that physical reactions that point to a dissociative cause from deep within the mind, such as epileptic and trance-like reactions, represent merely the minority of such instances. ( Avery 2004: 230 ) However, the bulk of instances show that insouciant factors are responsible for reactions such as anxiousness, fright and emotional release. ( Avery 2004: 230 ) It appears that the psychological experiences of the Sun Dance would be slightly similar to those of the Sufi Whirling, mostly due to the considerable convergence of activities between both rites. Both rites allow persons and, to a certain extent, witnesss to see an altered province of world, and since the Sun Dance besides utilizes activities such as fasting and insistent intonation, it appears that it would be able to trip alterations in consciousness to an even greater extent than the Sufi Whirling as it is well longer. The Sufi Whirling frequently lasts three to four hours while the Sun Dance can last anyplace from two to four yearss. Therefore, it can be concluded that both the Sun Dance and the Sufi Whirling use similar techniques such as fasting and intoning to change an person s province of consciousness and will let for similar psychological experiences. However, given that the Sun Dance can besides include the use of baccy, pipes and the piercing of flesh, it appears that it would be sensible to anticipate an even greater psychological consequence on take parting persons. ( Avery 2004: 231 ) There are two similarities between the Sun Dance and Sufi Whirling which deserve a greater analysis. First, the significance of the Sun in both these rites should be noted. In the Sun Dance, the Sun maps as a kind of divinity, or higher power to which forfeits are made. It is the receiving system of all the Sun Dance represents ; the name of the ritual itself highlights the fact that the Sun is the focal point of the Sun Dance. Although the map or significance of the Sun is possibly non as great in Sufi Whirling as it is in the Sun Dance, the fact that it does hold some significance proves that the usage of the Sun in rite is non uncommon. This frequent usage of the Sun as a ritualistic focal point in many religions reflects the possibly cosmopolitan significance of the Sun. The Sun as a divinity has been recorded through history on legion occasions across a comprehensiveness of religions and belief systems. It symbolizes power and strength, every bit good as beauty and metempsychosi s. It is frequently the halfway focal point of many rites, and this component can be seen in both the Sun Dance and in Sufi Whilring. While the two religions are really different from one another, their focal point on the Sun in these two rites represents the catholicity of the Sun as a powerful spiritual symbol. There is plentifulness of historical grounds to show the usage of the Sun in spiritual rites. There are sun divinities present in Hinduism ( e.g. Surya ) , Buddhism ( in the signifier of a Bodhisattva ) , and in the faiths of Ancient Egypt, China, and among assorted African folks. It can evidently be seen that the usage of the Sun transcends geographical boundary lines. Concrete grounds of this transcendency comes in the signifier of paleontologic finds, preserved Bibles, and of class, the many observations that are made in rites over the universe today. Possibly the importance of the Sun developed in the Lakota tradition for the same grounds it was held in such high respec t in other traditions ; possibly it became the focal point of the Sun Dance for its repute as a symbol of power and strength, and as a cosmic component worthy of great forfeit. In Sufism, the Sun is portion of many narratives as a cardinal cosmic power. While the Sun is non worshipped as a divinity itself, as that would belie the focal point of their gyration ( which is the One God ) , the Sun is instead portion of a greater system that is created by the One God. One of the most beautiful creative activities, the Sun deserves to be included and recognized as an built-in portion of one s journey which brings the participant closer to Allah. Hence, irrespective of the map the Sun dramas in each ritual, its significance can non be denied, nor can its catholicity as a symbol of power, beauty, and fortitude. The 2nd similarity between the two rites with is deserving researching is the brilliant psychological consequence they have on their participants. As was mentioned antecedently, proceedings in both the Sun Dance and in Sufi Whirling let the participants, and sometimes their perceivers, to see an altered world. Trance-like provinces are frequently achieved as participants become so focussed on the ritual and its intent. In the Sun Dance, visions frequently accompany this trance-like province and reflect Indigenous ideas on the relationship between worlds and nature. Often observed in Sufi Whirling, trance-like provinces are frequently seen as enraptured yet they normally represent a well-focused, clearer vision of the universe. Basically the intent of this experience is to derive a better apprehension of the Oneness of Allah, and the beauty of all of His creative activities. This similar experience, seen in both the Sun Dance and in Whirling, highlights the possibly cosmopolitan inten t of ritualistic enchantments and altered psychological provinces. While the term trance can intend several things, it is by and large referred to as a procedure, technique, province of head, or consciousness achieved either voluntarily or involuntarily. Both the Sun Dance and the Sufi Whirling affect higher provinces of consciousness and consciousness of adult male s relationship with a higher power ; in the Sun Dance, that higher power is the Sun, and in Sufism, that higher power is the One God. Observed in many other traditions, enchantments are besides associated with assorted signifiers of speculation and supplication. In the Sun Dance, the usage of psychotropic substances may heighten the participant s experience. Both traditions use audile and kinetic methods to bring on this province of head and both traditions use it as a vehicle to achieve a higher consciousness of their belief systems. Normally enchantments are associated with some kind of realisation or heightened consc iousness of one s relationship with their milieus, with nature, or with a more powerful being. Enchantments are once more, universally recognized as contemplations of these realisations and are used in both Sufi Whirling and in the Sun Dance, along with other traditions, to derive merely that. By diminishing one s focal point on external elements, and concentrating on the elaboratenesss of one s internal workings, enchantments become tools by which persons are able to see lucidity, peace, and intent.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Brachyury gene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brachyury gene - Essay Example The nature of Brachury proteins explain the gut and posterior mesoderm characteristics of the kingdom animalia (Evans et al. 2012); that is, homogenous and heterogeneous animals. In cases where the Brachyury proteins fail to express themselves in the gut and posterior mesoderm, it means that those animals lost these T domain genes in the process of evolution. Brachyury proteins of the T domain are found in ascidians, cephalochordates, and hemichordates. Since they belong to the T domain, this gives DNA binding characteristic to the Brachyury proteins. According to Beddington, Rashbass and Wilson (1992: 159), the nature of the well known mouse mutant, Brachyury (T) in cloned mouse is revealed by its sequence, which is â€Å"an open reading frame of 436 amino acids†. In the blastocyst stage embryo, this T gene is present in the inner cell mass, which is then followed by the primordial stripe. Brachyury proteins can also be considered as transcriptional activators, because they h ave the ability to get attached to a 24-bp palindromic target sequence (Brody 1997, par. 24). Beddington, R.S.P., Rashbass, P., & Wilson, V., 1992. Brachyury - a gene affecting mouse gastrulation and early organogenesis. Devclopmcni 1992 Supplement. [Online] Available at [Accessed 20 April 2013] Evans, A.L., Faial, T., Gilchrist, M.J., Down, T., Vallier, L., et al., 2012. Genomic targets of Brachyury (T) in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS ONE, vol.7, no.3, p. e33346. [Online] Available at [Accessed 19 April

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Mining group gold Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mining group gold - Coursework Example When an individual is working on particular situation and parameter, the facilitator is required to work along to develop motivation and passion of his or her team to construct his leadership within that situation and task so that he or she may do adaptation depending on his or her maturity level. Facilitator should guide the process through the following order. Once facts are identified and analyzed then final stage of solution comes. The meeting group is set to conclude some solutions in this stage and select one of those solutions and take decisions to implement it. Team is generally known as people in a group, combining their knowledge, experience and expertise for one particular work and purpose for which it has been formalized. Specific task performed by the team members is termed as â€Å"TEAMWORK†. Importance of teams within an organization is follows like: b. If individuals within the team have proper coordination will have will help to accomplish much more than an individual can achieve the organization objective. This is the important reason for an organization to focus on group work instead of working individually. The mining group gold processes are includes a strong and proven techniques that can help the organization to maintain team environment within the organization and maintain cultural diversity. A good relationship within the team will give better opportunities to the organization for it survival and

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Think Globl ct Locl Discuss th implictions of Thodor Lvitts sttmnt Essay

Think Globl ct Locl Discuss th implictions of Thodor Lvitts sttmnt - Essay Example Onc compny introducs its products or srvics on th scond country-mrkt, it will unvoidbly b pron to impos its prvious xprinc, spcilly if th compny oprtion in th grt numbr of ntionl mrkts. Mrkting strtgy dcisions in such cs cn b bsd ginst th xtr-mrkt critri. For instnc, pric lvls r st up in ordr to limint th diffrnc mong mrkts nd to sustin pric corridor, comprd to th sitution whr you just purly rflct locl mrkt conditions. Subsidizing of pric lvls by multintionl is lso common prctic nd is usd for strtgic rsons. Strtgy of th compny tht is xpnding brod dpnds on mny fctors, in som cs it is just pursu of lrning nd somtims it is high profitbility trgt tht r st up upfront. nothr componnt of th mrkting mix tht is diffrnt nd should b tilord to th spcific mrkt is distribution chnnl infrstructur, which should b lso rsponsibl for mrkting strtgy. Th distribution ntwork hs lso to contribut lot to strtgy for growth, nd s rsult it is judgd on orgniztionl critri such s fsibility, lvl of risk, supportbility, nd control issus. Mnwhil, distribution mngmnt in domstic mrkts is mostly proccupid by th rliztion of lrdy xisting mrkting strtgis nd is minly judgd ginst fficincy or cost-minimiztion critri. Thodor Lv Thodor Lvitt's is fmous for nlyzing nd rconciling dilmms tht compny will ncountr onc gon intrntionl. On of his controvrsil rticl Mrkting Myopi stts tht succssful businss should not only know whn to ntr, but lso whn to xit th mrkts is sttd in on's of Lvitts' Mrkting Myopi rticl: "Th rilrods did not stop growing bcus th nd for pssngr nd fright trnsporttion dclind. Tht grw. Th rilrods r in troubl tody not bcus th nd ws filld by othrs (crs, trucks, irplns, vn tlphons), but bcus it ws not filld by th rilrods thmslvs. Thy lt othrs tk customrs wy from thm bcus thy ssumd thmslvs to b in th rilrod businss rthr thn in th trnsporttion businss. Th rson thy dfind thir industry wrong ws bcus thy wr rilrod orintd instd of trnsporttion-orintd; thy wr product-orintd instd of customr-orintd." Probbly thr r two ltrntivs tht compny cn dopt whil thinking globlly, "Think globl, ct locl" nd "Think locl, ct globl", th scond ltrntiv sms to b th pur rsult of th globliztion. Thodor Lvitt wrot in his rticl (1983, citd in Hrbig 1998) tht culturl prfrncs will blong to th pst nd th world will bcom mor nd mor th sm. Th nds nd wnts will bcom th sm vrywhr in th world. Lvitt implicitly sttd tht globl cmpigns will ttin long-stnding succss only whn thy will mt th nds of ch nd vry. H suggstd tk into considrtion th similritis nd do not focus too much on th diffrncs of culturs. To confirm his sttmnt Lvitt uss th xmpls of Coc-Col, McDonlds, Ppsi-Col nd Mrlboro. But in fct, thos compnis do not us Lvitts' id of th globl cultur strtgy. Or cours, Lvitt's work undrstimts th diffrnc btwn globliztion nd intrntionliztion, btwn multintionl nd globl corportion. Th dominnc of trditionl plyrs is rflctd through th intrntionliztion, nd th multintionl is focusd on th production of good for locl mrkts. In my o pinion, globliztion involvs nw typ of rltionship mong ll compnis nd countris. Th diffrnc btwn rgionl, intrntionl, nd globl mrkts is significnt points tht should b tkn into ccount by

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Bullying Essay Example for Free

Bullying Essay Since the hands of time school bullying has been a problem in the school system, recently adding a new layer due to the advances of technology, innovations that challenge the whole infrastructure of educational purpose. Precomputers and cell phones, bullying could only be classified as physical or psychologically abuse on someone that could only be inflicted by face to face contact. Now in today technology age forms a new way of bullying without actually being in the same room or even knowing the individual. Bullying use to consist of physical beating or embarrassment like putting a kid in the garbage can but technology, created to further enhance the mind, became another distraction for the mind because bullying can be done from a distance you don’t even have to be in the same state or even know the person which makes it more difficult on the victim. Every pro has a con and in this case a major one, this method of bullying may be more traumatizing so I will compare and contrast the two types of bullying. This paper will make you decide what side is worse and will show you the comparison but after reading you should want to put a stop to bullying. First, let’s start with physical bullying because of the fact it was the first form of it. In past years, bullying consisted on the size and popularity of someone being less than the so called â€Å"cool† crowd. As time progress formed the mental aspect of bullying, which I feel is more detrimental. My mind is the actual driving for my body that controls our way of living, lower the self-esteem of an individual actually hurts more than any physical blow you could muster up. The progression of using the mental aspect of bullying became more popular because children subconsciously know what hurt more and prey on it. Cyber bulling is usually done by someone who is jealous of another and wants to embarrass them this form is mostly used in high school. Posting embarrassing pictures or videos on social network is common example this is so affective because everyone has a Facebook or twitter in today’s society so more eyes see it making it harder for the victim to overcome it. Secondly, although physical bullying is very harmful it’s also less abusive than cyber bullying because of a number of reasons; first off, with physical bullying you know of your actual bully enforcing the problem. With that information you could eventually take a stand and take of the problem yourself or ask for assistance from your guidance teacher or someone with authority. Also physical bullying and physiological bullying pretechnology didn’t in my opinion last too long. The time frame didn’t last long because before the bully usually bullied multiple people kind of taking the pressure off of you faster than just one individual. All emotions have a time limit in which time could only heal, so physical and mental wounds healed faster pretechnology than it do today. Traditional bullying has to be stopped because some kids are afraid to go to school because of the physical bullying this consist of taking lunch money, tripping or pushing in the hall or into lockers, knocking buts down to cause embarrassment even teasing people because of their weight or clothes is a form of traditional bullying and believe it or not traditional bullying affects the rates of students not graduating because they are fed up and can’t take it no more so they drop out of school. Finally, the most interesting fact of traditional bullying is why they do it. Statistics say most people who bully people have or are being bullied in their life. This interesting because if a person knows how that makes another human feel why they would force the hurt and miserable life on others. Bullies also bully because of problems at home like child abuse so they take it out on other peers. Stress can also cause people to bully because they so filled up with anger and having no one to talk to the result to bullying. Physical bullying is not only in schools it also at jobs to but no matter where you can find it at it needs to be a stop to it because it makes people miserable. Basically all traditional bullying problems are within the bully it has to do with their emotion they release on others. Physical bullying is more painful and life threating then cyber bullying and it also builds a sense a fear because they know the actual person bullying them, this can have a tremendous affect in people life because it lowers self-esteem. These are reason why traditional bullying is still affective if authorities use this to get to the bottom of bullying it can be decreased or even voided but being that our world is so advanced the bullying we should be worried about is cyber bullying which is more common because of technology. Cyber bullying has taken away some of the toughness of bullying because now you could do it from miles or even country spans away. Technology really up the antics making it more widespread than ever, with cell phones, tablets, and lap top along with the allegiance of social networking a rumor spread like a virus in its effect. A simple text became a new viral experiment that went wrong once adolescent got their hands on it. Same agenda chasing popularity and fame, but lost the ability to challenge someone face to face is one of the scariest evolvements of technology. Now you, in most cases, don’t even know who’s bullying you making it harder to pin point the problem in which it started. Cyber bullying is still a form of bullying but it’s just the mental aspect either way the victim still feels the pain. Internet bullying causes low self-esteem, emotion distress, and total embarrassment where as traditional bullying can cause emotional problems but is mostly physical pain more of the punching and physical contact end. Cyber bullying will get worse before it get better, new policies are in place but do little to change the outcome which come to the conclusion that cyber is nowhere near its peak. Internet bullying has taken away from the physical aspect but the emotional aspect of cyber bullying is far worse. Since technology is the face of the world so cyber bullying is so powerful rumors, gossips, and pictures can be uploaded on the web in seconds. There is several reports some are local about high schools uploading a naked picture of a girl on Facebook or sending to phone to phone in high school and this can lead to horrible emotions or dropping out of school do to humiliation. Even bigger all over the news a Rutgers University student committed suicide because of cyber bullying. He was secretly filmed kissing another male and his roommate puts the video on twitter with the caption â€Å"just found out my roommate is gay†. This was obviously something the student wasn’t ready to tell the world so with built up emotions he jumped off the George Washington Bridge. Clementi death bought national and international issue to cyber bullying and the struggles it’s facing. But it shouldn’t take death of a student to realize the degree of cyber bullying its pros and cons to both types of bullying I just feel cyber bullying is worse because of the generation we live in today and technology is so powerful in seconds the world can see what someone uploaded on the web. Finally, the most important fact of cyber bullying is the reason why they do it because it can be ended if we address it. These reason differ from physical bullying because it to different types of bullying. Cyber bullying comes from people who are jealous of your lifestyle and want to ruin it because their life isn’t as well as yours. Cyber bullying is also triggered by peer pressure they want to be â€Å"cool† and do what everyone else is doing but maybe if people put themselves in the victim shoes they wouldn’t do it. The most common one is from teenagers and their peers they take cyber bullying as a joke or for fun and they also think they will earn respect but who would or should respect anybody who lessens someone as a person. No matter what end of the bullying your child is on, you need to make sure that you are doing your part to prevent and stop this because bullying is a serious matter. Even though the two types of bullying have pros and cons the different types of bullying cause different types of insecurities to others but they all are tremendous and all are major and it’s up to peers, adults, and society to stop bullying. â€Å"Bullying builds character like nuclear waste creates superheroes. Its a rare occurrence and often does much more damage than endowment. †

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Economic Trade Blocs

Economic Trade Blocs There has been a considerable development in regional economic integration schemes designed to achieve various economic, social and political purposes. Most countries in the world are members of one or more trade blocs known as regional integration agreement/arrangement (RIA). There has been a worldwide trend towards forming new regional arrangements and strengthening the existing ones. Inspired by the European Economic Country (EEC), now more popularly known as the European Union (EU) several regional integration schemes have been formed by the developing countries, particularly in Latin America and Africa. One more regional integration, that comes close to the EU in its boldness or its potential implications for the world economy is NAFTA (Cherunilam, 2005). Barriers to Trade in Selected European Union NAFTA A trade barrier is a common term that explains any regime policy or instruction that confines international trade. It can take many shapes, including: import duties, import licenses, export licenses, import allowance, taxes, subsidies, non-tariff barriers to trade, local substance necessities. Most of the trade barriers work on the similar principle i.e. the obligation of some kind of cost on trade that lifts the price of the traded products. Other trade barriers comprise of differences in culture, traditions, society, laws, language and exchange. Following are the trade barriers for identified trading blocs like European Union NAFTA: Customs duties among member states. Obstacles to the free course of import and/or export of goods and services among the member nations. Industrial/commercial policies concerning different countries. Barriers on movement of capital and people within the block. Common farming policies, transfer policies, scientific standards, fitness and wellbeing rule. Boundary control between different countries. Different internal taxation systems. Legal structures for business. Controls on movement of capital between the member countries. Protectionist community procurement policies. Advantages Disadvantages of being a Member Advantages: Friendship, cooperation among member countries strengthens. General state of member countries increases. It gives freedom to travel between member countries by simplifying visa regulations. A single economic space is created for member countries where they use common currency. Safety improves for member country. Trade relations strengthen, commodity circulation grows and trade improves in general for the member country. Disadvantages: National traditions and distinctive traits are lost by the member countries. Deflationary propensity increases between the member countries. Loss of power by the member country. Over estimation of trade benefits (Advantages and Disadvantages, 2008). Membership Conditions for European Union If a country wants to join the EU, it must value the doctrine and ideals upon which the EU is established. According to the treaties, contender countries must value the principles set out in agreements of European Union earlier than they can join the EU. Agreements affirm that The Union is based on the ideology of liberation, democratic system, respect for human rights ideologies which are ordinary to the Member States. Following are some principles which are required to be achieved by the country which wants to become a member of the EU: Political Principle: Country should be stable in providing definite democracy, the decree of law, human rights and admiration for and safety of minorities. Financial Principle: The survival of a running market economy as well as the ability to deal with aggressive force and market forces inside the Union is necessary for the member country. Institutional Principle: The country should have the capability to take on the compulsions of association, which contain the goals of political, economic and economic union (Conditions of Membership, 2005). Conditions for Membership Achieving membership in NAFTA is not an easy task. Membership to NAFTA would require discussions for membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) which takes a great deal of time because many countries are standing in line for this membership. Member country needs to negotiate different deals with dozens of WTO member countries and G-7 countries (Entering NAFTA: the twists and turns of negotiations, 1995). Impact on the Bilateral or Multilateral Relations By joining the European Union and other trading blocs like NAFTA, United States will become the member of these Unions. These membership conditions for the selected regional trading blocs will help in determining the positive and negative impact on the bilateral or multilateral relations with the United States. These impacts are given as under: Positive Impacts: U.S will attain significant achievements in economic reform. EU and NAFTA will present a large and open market for the U.S. Member States of the trading blocs will be able to socialize freely all over the twenty-five countries. US exporters will enjoy lower tariff rates in their deal among the new Member states. The present system in which US exporters are confronted with a range of import rules will depart. US industry, investors and exporters will be benefited from these trade blocs in their deals with others (Bilateral agreements and fair trade practices, 2007). Negative Impacts: The bilateral investment agreements accomplished among new Member States and the US will require proper alteration in order to make certain that US investors enjoy similar investment surroundings. Existing import quotas maintained by the EU and NAFTA will require modifications to take in consideration trade flows between the new Member States and other countries. The present EU tariffs levels will also be applicable to new Member States like the U.S (Burghardt, 2004). Cost of Compliance and Non-Compliance In the EU Treaty, the basic underlying principle is the loyalty of the Member States to the community through quick compliance with its systems. This guideline states that Member States can take measures to ensure completion of the obligations arising out of this treaty. The countries can also assist in the fulfillment of the community tasks. Further, they shall desist from any actions which could put in danger the accomplishment of the objectives of this agreement. Broadly, this issue of compliance has many features: Legal, Political, Institutional, Economic. There can be a possibility that member states may fail to act in accordance with this agreement. The reason can be unwillingness and unawareness of the compulsions. The compliance costs are higher comparatively in those countries which have at least one subsidiary than with those which have no subsidiaries. The increase in the compliance costs can be seen when there is an increase in the member of subsidiaries in foreign country. For large corporations, total weighted cost of compliance is approximately 1.460.000 and for medium size companies it is 203.000. Impact of Trade Transactions There are potential gains for member non member countries and trade blocs from economic integration which are as follows: Trade Creation: Whenever trade barriers between countries are removed, industries in respective countries will concentrate on the most efficient use of resources and produce those goods that they are most efficient at producing. All participants will gain from this kind of trade practice. Trade Diversion: It occurs when trade is diverted from countries outside the trading area to the countries located inside it. Prices and Competition: The removal of trade barriers has both consumption and production effects for member and non member countries. Economies of Scale: Many industries, such as steel and automobiles, require large-scale production in order to obtain economies of scale in manufacturing. Formation of trading blocks enlarges the market so that the large scale production is justified. Dynamic Effects: The dynamic effect of integration is that it brings about a more efficient allocation of resources throughout the different trading blocks promoting the growth of some businesses and the decline of others, the development of new technology and products and the elimination of old processes. Restructuring: This process is creating a large scale restructuring of industries and firms, with the relocation of industry and many cross border mergers alliances. All the impacts of trade transactions show that this will be helpful for the expansion of project. These trading blocs will have a positive impact on expansion as these agreements will offer measures for protection. Under these measures, any product which is the subject of preferential treatment is imported into the territory of a contracting party in such a manner or in such quantities as to cause or threaten to cause serious injury in the importing country (Hill, 2005). Conclusion Based on this analysis the regional trading bloc which can be selected is European Union which is also known as the European Community and the European Common Market. This agreement eliminates tariffs, quotas and other barriers on intra community trade which is necessary for expanding a project. This trading bloc devises a common internal tariff on imports from the rest of the world and permits the free flow of factors of production within the community. It helps in harmonizing taxation monetary policies and social security policies between member and non member countries. It presents a common policy on agriculture, transport and competition in the industry (Cherunilam, 2005).